Factor That Affects Accounting Practice in Nigeria

FACTORS AFFECTING ACCOUNTING PRACTICE IN NIGERIA AND THE WAY OUT Accounting Practice refers to the routine manner in which the day-to-day financial activities of a business entity are gathered and recorded. A firms accounting practice refers to the method by which its accounting policies are implemented and adhered to on a routine basis, typically by an accountant and/or auditor or a team of accounting professionals. In another context, an accounting practice is intended to enforce a firm’s accounting guidelines and policies. It exists as the daily recording of financial data that is important to the evaluation and monitoring of the firm’s economic activities. Accounting practice refers to the normal practical application of accounting†¦show more content†¦Attracting and retaining young talents has been an issue for many years. The practice need to make a more concerted effort to fundamentally change work precise otherwise, the profession will witness talent drain. * Specialisation: Practitioners often see specialization as a tool for winning clients confidence and quality service deliveries. Generally the profession rendered services in Auditing, Tax Practices, Liquidation, Bankruptcy amp; Executorships, Financial managements and lots of others. Trust of which field to focus on has posed lot of problems to the practice. While some peg their competence in a particular area, others provide skills for all professional services. However, the size of a firm often determine how many products/services a firm can offer to clientele as a large firm will surely have pools of competent hands for each field than a small firm. Notwithstanding, the primary function is to render a deserved quality service to clients. For small and medium firms with few competent hands who offer a one-shop service to their clients, it is better to take advantage of training opportunity available so as to serve their customers better. * Remuneration: Compensation isShow MoreRelatedImpact of Ict on Accounting Practice in Nigeria1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of ICT on accounting practice in Nigeria CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background of the study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the recent past centuries, before the inception of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), the accountants of an organization were using a socially acceptable behavioural method of reporting accounting and economic reports, carried out during accounting year ends, the preparation of accounting records, book such as the profit and loss account, the balance sheetRead MoreAgency Theory and Accounting Choice1142 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyses the effect of the agency theory and accounting choice usually been made by managers of Nigeria listed companies. It (agency theory and accounting choice) can be demonstrated in the modern day companies where management is usually separated from the ownership of business. The professional managers are supposed to make decisions and take actions that are consistent with the objective of maximising shareholders wealth. But this may not be happen in practice because the managers may have goals tha tRead Morecompany accounting ch1 tut working Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿AYB340 COMPANY ACCOUNTING TOPIC 1 - SOLUTIONS TO TUTORIAL QUESTIONS CASE STUDIES Case Study 1 - Accounting Policies The board of directors has resolved to change the accounting policy for treatment of advertising expenditure. Previously, advertising expenditure has been expensed as incurred. 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TheRead MoreAn Appraisal of the Application of Cost and Management Accounting Techniques in Nigerian Manufacturing Companies: a Case Study of Benue Breweries Company Limited2637 Words   |  11 Pages AN APPRAISAL OF THE APPLICATION OF COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING TECHNIQUES IN NIGERIAN MANUFACTURING COMPANIES: A CASE STUDY OF BENUE BREWERIES COMPANY LIMITED TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page - - - - - - - - - - i Approval Stage - - - - - - - - - ii Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iii Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - iv Table of contents - - - - - - - - - v Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the study - - -

THE ART OF DELEGATION Essay - 1060 Words

There is a limit to the amount of work that you can do on your own. There is only so much value that you can deliver to your company or organization without the help of other people. If you are successful in your career, at some stage the demands on you will become greater than you are able to cope with on your own. When this happens, you are forced to rely on the help of others, you are forced to delegate. Delegation is a process by which a manager examines the various responsibilities and tasks at hand, and rather than assuming and completing those tasks and responsibilities on his or her own, that manager decides to assign the work to other employees. Effective managers must be willing to entrust a task, power or responsibility to†¦show more content†¦Each policy advisor then has an administrative assistant to whom he or she can further delegate tasks if warranted. If not, the administrative assistant is responsible to assisting the policy advisor in completing the task i n order to satisfy the needs of the constituent or Arkansas citizen. The process within our office illustrates how delegation is the downward transfer of formal authority from superior to subordinate. We all realize that delegating involves working with an employee to establish goals, granting them sufficient authority and responsibility to achieve the goals, often giving them substantial freedom in deciding how the goals will be achieved, remaining available as a resource to help them achieve the goals, assessing their performance (the quality of their effort and attainment of the goals), addressing performance issues and/or rewarding their performance. Delegation is primarily about entrusting your authority to others. This means that they can act and initiate independently; and that they assume responsibility with you for certain tasks. One of the main phobias about delegation is that by giving others authority, a manager loses control. Even when you delegate the work, you still maintain the accountability. Ultimately, the supervisor retains responsibility for the attainment of the goals, butShow MoreRelatedThe Art of Delegation817 Words   |  4 PagesThe Art of Delegation: Five Behaviors of Effective Delegators Ben F. Soares, Zoua Yang, Thomas Manning, Ziad Shamma MGT/521 September 13, 2013 James Sternieri The Art of Delegation: Five Behaviors of Effective Delegators Managers of companies of all varying sizes often will have multiple tasks to perform. Good managers need to decide which tasks they will perform themselves and which tasks will be delegated to others. When managers delegate assignments they mustRead MoreThe Key Parts That Create Effective Delegation967 Words   |  4 Pagesremember the key parts that create effective delegation. 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This process can be challenging as well as a learning experience to gain proficiency in delegation and maintain the safety and well being of theRead MoreDelegation Of The Nurses Association ( Ana )1289 Words   |  6 Pages Delegation in Nursing Practice The subject of delegation inevitably is discussed when considering the demands on Registered Nurses. Registered Nurses are the hub of communication regarding the patients’ condition, treatment, and well-being. The doctor, family, lab, radiology, respiratory, physical therapy, dietary, and even billing and housekeeping rely on the nurse for information and the transmission of information to others. 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An Essay on Film Style and History

Question: Describe about the topic Technological determinism offers an insufficient explanation of developments in cinema.Discuss with reference to the development of either early cinema or sound.? Answer: The essay discusses on the given with reference to the development of either early cinema or sound. Initially the essay highlights upon the development of sound, thereby focusing on the way the concept emerged. This would be related with the invention framework, diffusion, and innovation that provides a potential methodology for analyzing the emergence of any technology (Baumgarten, 2009). A single approach towards technological change would take into consideration the greater economic aspect and this may be incorporated in the technological history of cinema from the perspective of sector economics. The foremost steps within the analysis of a specific technological change include creating the basic structure of the industry under consideration, and it closet competitors during the time before such technological change. Cinema is said to always embrace innovative approaches to view the world, realizing both technological as well as technical innovation. It has also realized the potential of every development (Yau Shuk-ting, Kinnia, 2009). From the statement, it is interpreted that technological determinism or advancement is inevitably one of the key reasons of increased development in the cinema in the terms of sound. The evolution of sound has been a long and continued process since years and has been possible only on advent of the technological determinism. However development in cinema has been brought about not only with the emergence of sound but there are other major reasons as well. In order to assess the statement, it is important to reflect upon the various aspects of the statement. It is a common consideration that sound movies began to be released ever since 1928 with the release of The Jazz Singer by Warner. Certainly it is the first notable film using sound, but it is needed for us to g o back to the age of invention of cinematograph for realizing that experiments had been conducted using sound as well as picture ever since the beginning. In one of the papers of Edison, he had written that he had received an idea in 1887 to develop an instrument. The diagrams as well as pictures of early works of Edison reflect the involvement of phonograph for delivering sound with pictures. Eugene Lauste as well as Lee De Forest also worked upon sound systems for accompanying pictures but their systems actually printed the sound photographically onto the film. In the year 1923 Petersen as well as Poulsen laid a potential demonstration of sound upon film system during the Palads Cinema Copenhagen. In fact, The Jazz Singer after release had set the industry talking that sound movies have arrived. Though sound upon disc was actually the first successful system, it did not last for long (Harpole, 1980). It was soon replaced by Movietone sound on film system. Whichever be the chosen s ystem by the theatres, both relied upon amplifiers as well as speaker horns for delivering the sound to the theatre, and so the manufacturing division of Bell Telephone Laboratories synonymous with film sound. Since the early days of sound on film, firms had been investigating into the possibilities of stereo sound. Introduction of sound was possible only due to the technological advancements. Although Edison did not himself invent film, he had conceived that the visual medium as well as phonograph could be meshed to make sound film, and he tried inventing sound film ever since the birth of cinema around 1885. Inventors as well as entrepreneurs had to overcome many issues prior to acceptance of sound. Initially the audiences of silent film seemed quite happy and contented. Gradually it started taking a different turn. Besides dissatisfaction of the audiences, the key problem that arose was the technological difficulty of matching sound as well as visuals in a manner that every audience could hear it. So the key problems were synchronization as well as amplification (Kindem, 1981). Even after successful invention, it presented several issues. The previous sound cameras as well as equipment were too noisy and huge, and needed to be kept in a blimp which is a soundproof room. The diagrams as well a s pictures of early works of Edison reflect the involvement of phonograph for delivering sound with pictures. Eugene Lauste as well as Lee De Forest also worked upon sound systems for accompanying pictures but their systems actually printed the sound photographically onto the film. Latest technologies have always been and even to this day continue to be developed to be applied in the world of cinema. Right from the invention of the projector to digital film-making, the continuous evolution has considerably changed the near future of the art form; however none perhaps so much as the introduction of sound. The story how sound concept emerged and how it became the inevitable requisite of filmmaking is quite interesting, and just like other anecdotes about early cinema, the concept centers around big deals, market control, and money. The sound concept that is used in the present generation has not been invented by any single person; in fact, it had evolved through a series of steps of l abored advancements in engineering; however one key hurdle yet to be overcome for exhibiting films to mass audiences was amplification. On receiving a viable solution, the Big Five Studios were not really too keen to make the transition since it would mean problem of high-priced ticket due to construction of sound studios, record equipment, wiring theaters, etc (Kindem, 1981). The film The Jazz Singer by Warner Bros. had achieved huge international success being the first sound film. The addition of this feature of sound into the cinema has been an innovative experience altogether. Sound does not only mean that actors would be able to talk ut it meant a great change in the manner films started getting produced. Actors had to be the paragons of fluency and articulateness as well as pantomime artists. Several exotic characters became less fashionable, since foreign accents were difficult to be interpreted with age-old microphone as well as amplification technologies. Some verbal comed y, typically that of Marx Brothers was impossible without sound. It is true that the development of sound in cinema has been the outcome of the technological determinism; however it would be incorrect to state either that development of cinema has taken place only due to the emergence and introduction of sound concept. Rather, development of cinema has been the result of several key factors. Some of these factors are development of color, cinematic technique, the rise of features, sound for silents, actors and acting and some other postwar developments (Harpole, 1980). The most popular way of inducing color into silent films was by tinting as well as toning. Tinting meant running the preferred footage by a bath of color dye, giving an overall color for any specific image. On the other hand, toning included a chemical process which replaced the black silver image with various colored metallic compound. Many directors used long shots for presenting theatre-like composition in most scenes and allowed actors to move along the stage. D.W. Griffith who was one of the first directors for recognizing how effective the modern techniques could be, had insisted to apply those techniques into filmmaking. He increased number of scenes where actors moved towards or away from the camera. He also staged various actions upon different planes of depth in the scene instead of one single line. He even broke scenes into many shots with placing of camera at different location. His work and innovative ideas and techniques impressed others and gradually those became the usual norms of filmmaking. With gradual passing of time crowd for cinema also increas. All silent cinemas were presented with background music. Many musical arrangements were made at different small and big theatres (Rodney Mader, 2009). The ear of 1910s was marked by the rise of actors and their acting skills that created a brand for themselves. Those actors had to be skilled enough to portray thoughts as well as emotions and avoid exaggeration in front of the camera. With some exceptions, cinema has always been focusing on its aspects of entertainment over artistic pretensions. People became interested in experiencing a popular form of art. Its impact was profound. By the mid 1910s, soon after invention, the various concepts of cinema had matured to greater extent. Such major improvements and developments in the film evolution like color, image ratio, sound, cinematic techniques, etc have resulted in the enhanced experiences of cinema and modern films. It was the new innovative concepts of filmmaking of some of the most capable and innovative directors and individuals that led to the increased development of the cinema(Nie and Liu, 2014). Thus besides technological advancements, there are other factors as well that led to the development of the cinema. The foremost steps within the analysis of a specific technological change include creating the basic structure of the industry under consideration, and it closet competitors during the years before such technological change. Nevertheless, it cannot be either denied that latest technologies have always been and even to this day continue to be developed to be applied in the world of cinema (Rodney Mader, 2009). Right from the invention of the projector to digital film-making, the continuous evolution has considerably changed the near future of the art form; however none perhaps so much as the introduction of sound. The story how sound concept emerged and how it became the inevitable requisite of filmmaking is quite interesting, and just like other anecdotes about early cinema, the concept centers around big deals, market control, and money. Thus, to conclude, technological determinism had proposed that the key driving force in the modern developments has been the technology. Once, technological advancements become available for a factor or something, change, improvement and enhancements are inevitable. However, the only problem with this is that may not happen every time. For instance, the authentic Edison phonograph patented in 1878 was evolved as a device to dictate business. It took almost a decade to be used for popular entertainment. This refers to the existence of other causes as well besides pure technological explanation, in adoption of innovative technology. Cinema is said to always embrace innovative approaches to view the world, realizing both technological as well as technical innovation. It has also realized the potential of every development (Rodney Mader, 2009). The evolution of synchronized sound with The Jazz Singer in the year 1928 was a major step; however some iconic filmmakers considered it to be re trograde measure for the artistry of the medium. In the same manner, color films satisfied logical form of destiny, although some have resisted. References Baumgarten, M. (2009). Science neutrality and technological determinism - a debate on technoscience; by Renato Dagnino.RECIIS, 3(2). Hacking: digital media and technological determinism. (2009).Choice Reviews Online, 46(10), pp.46-5659-46-5659. Jordan, T. (2009). Hacking and power: Social and technological determinism in the digital age.First Monday, 14(7). Nie, S. and Liu, Y. (2014). Discussion on the Digital Cinema Technology and its Development Trends.AMR, 989-994, pp.4226-4228. Rodney Mader, (2009). Print Culture Studies and Technological Determinism.College Literature, 36(2), pp.131-140. Yau Shuk-ting, Kinnia, (2009). The Early Development of East Asian Cinema in a Regional Context.Asian Studies Review, 33(2), pp.161-173. Harpole, C. (1980). Ideological and Technological Determinism in Deep-Space Cinema Images: Issues in Ideology, Technological History, and Aesthetics.Film Quarterly, 33(3), pp.11-22. Kindem, G. (1981). The Demise of Kinemacolor: Technological, Legal, Economic, and Aesthetic Problems in Early Color Cinema History.Cinema Journal, 20(2), p.3. Rodney Mader, (2009). Print Culture Studies and Technological Determinism.College Literature, 36(2), pp.131-140.

The Boundless Carbon Cycle free essay sample

Tom J. Battin, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Louis A. Kaplan, Anthony K. Aufdenkampe, Andreas Richter and Lars J. Tranvik The terrestrial biosphere is assumed to take up most of the carbon on land. However, it is becoming clear that inland waters process large amounts of organic carbon and must be considered in strategies to mitigate climate change. A tmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased from ~280 ppm before the industrial revolution to over 384 ppm in 2008 (ref. 1). This increase reflects only about half of the CO2 emissions from human activities; the other half has been sequestered in the oceans and on land2,3 (Box 1). Although the location and magnitude of continental carbon sinks remain uncertain4, they are assumed to lie within the terrestrial biosphere. We argue that inland waters have a significant role in the sequestration, transport and mineralization of organic Box 1 | Balancing the carbon cycle carbon. Integration of these fluxes into the traditional carbon cycle is needed for appropriate CO2 management and climate change mitigation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Boundless Carbon Cycle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Inland waters — such as ponds, lakes, wetlands, streams, rivers and reservoirs — permeate terrestrial ecosystems and often shape the Earth’s landscapes. Although only about 1% of the Earth’s surface is assumed to be covered by inland waters, their collective contribution to global carbon fluxes is substantial compared with terrestrial and marine ecosystems5–10. Specifically, current estimates carbon dioxide sinks Since 1750, continuously increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions and land-use change have perturbed the natural carbon cycle. Of the 9. 1 Pg C yr–1 (1 Pg C = 1 petagram or 109 metric tons of carbon) emitted in this way between 2000 and 2006, 4. 1 Pg C yr–1 have accumulated in the atmosphere, 2. 2 Pg C yr–1 have been assigned to marine sequestration and the residual 2. 8 Pg C yr–1 have been assigned to sequestration within the terrestrial biosphere3. At regional and continental scales the terrestrial carbon sink has been evaluated by top-down and bottom-up carbon balances20,21. stimating from the top down In the top-down approach, the carbon balance from an atmospheric perspective is compiled by running an atmospheric transport model (the so-called inverse model) back in time. The distribution of sources and sinks at land and ocean surfaces is then optimized for observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This approach has confirmed the location of the residual carbon sink over continents. However, state-of-the-art inverse models have a spatial resolution too coarse to account for mo st inland waters. Therefore, CO2 outgassing from inland waters is assigned to terrestrial ecosystem respiration, blending the carbon sink in inland waters with the terrestrial carbon sink. scaling from the bottom up The bottom-up approach compiles the carbon balance by scaling up site-level observations of sinks and sources of croplands, grasslands and forests as the main land-use types. Inland waters are usually not considered among the main land-use types, with the exception of reservoirs for the carbon sink of the coterminous US4. Furthermore, study sites are typically located in uplands to catch a terrestrial signal with little interference from aquatic ecosystems. Consequently, carbon export from terrestrial ecosystems to inland waters is not typically accounted for in regional estimates that scale-up from the bottom-up approach. This in turn contributes to the discrepancy between estimates based on the bottom-up and top-down approaches. 598 suggest that inland waters transport, mineralize and bury ~2. 7 Pg C yr? 1 (ref. ; Fig. 1). This is similar to the size of the terrestrial carbon sink for anthropogenic emissions of 2. 8 Pg C yr? 1 (ref. 3). So far, carbon fluxes into and out of inland waters have received little attention in global-scale analyses. However, their quantification could prove critical for constraining estimates of terrestrial ecosystem fluxes, adequately integrating all vertical and lateral carbon fluxes over regional and global scales, and predicting feedbacks to climate change6,11,12. For example, because inland water fluxes are lateral, their consideration may reconcile the often large discrepancies between estimates of continental carbon balance measured at different scales (Box 1); such discrepancies are pronounced when it comes to the European11 and Amazon12 carbon budgets, for example. Furthermore, because the water cycle is exceptionally sensitive to climate change, water-borne carbon fluxes will inevitably respond to climate change. For example, larger storms will mean more intense erosion–deposition fluxes, which will transport a greater proportion of terrestrial carbon to inland waters. watery grave Approximately 0. 6 Pg C yr? 1 is buried in inland water sediments5 — this is equivalent to approximately 20% of the carbon assumed to be buried in terrestrial biomass and soils. Still, these estimates do not include long-term net carbon burial in floodplains and other near-water landscapes — a poorly constrained, but most probably signific ant, flux13. Sedimentary carbon often accumulates over thousands of years5,14 and thus represents a long-term carbon sink. Furthermore, in stable continental sedimentary basins some of the buried carbon may eventually enter the lithosphere. The greater prevalence of bottom-water anoxia in inland waters, nature geoscience | VOL 2 | SEPTEMBER 2009 | www. nature. com/naturegeoscience  © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved commentary compared with the ocean, inhibits sedimentary carbon decomposition and the release of carbon back into the atmosphere. The loss of organic carbon from terrestrial ecosystems and its subsequent burial in inland waters represents a redistribution of carbon sinks that must be taken into account in climate change mitigation strategies. The first step in managing carbon sequestration is to understand where it occurs and the processes that enhance and maintain it. For example, in regions with high erosion rates one might underestimate wholewatershed carbon sequestration by focusing exclusively on carbon accumulation rates in soils and terrestrial biomass. Furthermore, carbon buried in aquatic sediments will probably respond very differently to regional climate and land-use changes than carbon stored in soil. For example, when soil erosion is high, carbon sinks are more likely to shift from the land to inland waters. Consequently, sediment loads to inland waters increase, but reservoirs and impoundments retain and bury the sediments and their associated carbon5,9, ultimately reducing their transport to the ocean. It remains unclear, however, whether burial in inland waters represents a net increase in carbon sequestration rather than simply a translocation of a sink that would otherwise have occurred on land or, eventually, in the oceans15. The ‘conventional carbon cycle’2 blends outgassing from inland waters with fluxes of terrestrial ecosystem respiration, and underestimates the potential for lateral transport (Box 1). But terrestrially sourced organic carbon can also fuel secondary production by heterotrophic biota in inland waters. Globally, these biota respire 1. 2 Pg of terrestrial carbon each year and release it to the atmosphere5,6,8,10,. This flux is not recognized in the ‘conventional carbon cycle’, which pipes organic carbon from the land to the oceans, rather than processing it through biologically active inland waters2,8. When this outgassing source is considered in the continental carbon balance, ecosystem production — that is, the difference between annual terrestrial photosynthetic uptake and respiratory release — must be increased from the conventional estimate of 3. 2 Pg C yr–1 (ref. 2) to 4. 5 Pg C yr–1 to offset this release and close the carbon budget (Fig. 1). However, present emission estimates from inland waters are provisional and low because of difficulties associated with measuring the areal extent of inland waters and the partial pressure of CO2 and Atmospheric accumulaton 4. GPP: -120. 0, R: 115. 5 4. 5 (-4. 1 Ant, -0. 4 Nat) Weathering 0. 2 1. 2 GPP: -92. 2, R: 90. 7 1. 5 (-2. 1 Ant, 0. 6 Nat) 9. 1 Anthropogenic sources Ocean accumulation 2. 2 Land accumulation 2. 2 2. 7 Inland waters accumulation 0. 6 0. 2 0. 2 0. 9 Lithosphere Figure 1 | The ‘boundless carbon cycle’. The schematic highlights carbon fluxes through inland waters5, and also incl udes pre-industrial2 and anthropogenic3 fluxes. Values are net fluxes between pools (black) or rates of change within pools (red); units are Pg C yr–1; negative signs indicate a sink from the atmosphere. Gross fluxes from the atmosphere to land and oceans, and the natural (Nat) and anthropogenic (Ant) components of net primary production — the net uptake of carbon by photosynthetic organisms — are shown for land and oceans. Gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R) are poorly constrained18,19; we therefore modified respiration to close the carbon balance. Non-biological dissolution of anthropogenic carbon dioxide by the oceans is included in these fluxes2. Fluxes to the lithosphere represent deposition to stable sedimentary basins, and the flux from the lithosphere to land represents erosion of uplifted sedimentary rocks2. inland outgassing gas exchange rates16,17; all these factors contribute to the underestimation of CO2 outgassing. Improved and higher estimates of CO2 emissions from inland waters will thus require even higher ecosystem production to close the carbon balance. A larger flux to the land would fit better with current independent regional estimates of net CO2 uptake by terrestrial ecosystems using bottom-up approaches18 (Box 1). Furthermore, expected land-use changes could exacerbate the climatic impact of inland outgassing. Most carbon mineralized in inland waters is released as CO2, but lakes, wetlands, and particularly reservoirs, also release methane — a potent greenhouse gas that traps heat more efficiently than an equal amount of CO2. The creation of reservoirs for hydroelectric power and agriculture will increase methane production5. However, dam removal to restore fisheries and riparianzone reforestation, with subsequent stream widening to improve water quality, may have the opposite effect. pportunities and challenges The significance of inland waters to carbon fluxes on land needs to be recognized. Rivers, lakes and wetlands are important factors for climate change, which should have a place in conceptual models of the global carbon cycle. A broader concept of a ‘boundless carbon cycle’ should motivate future working groups of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to pla ce inland waters on the map of global carbon cycling. The contribution of inland waters to global carbon cycling is not recognized within the Kyoto protocol. Based on our assessment, though admittedly preliminary, we argue that post-Kyoto negotiations should include inland waters as part of the 2009 United Nations climate change conference in Copenhagen. Our concept of a ‘boundless carbon cycle’ would encourage policymakers to better appreciate the couplings between land and water and between the hydrological cycle and the carbon cycle. This would be a necessary step towards subsuming traditional land management under integrated watershed management as a tool to mitigate climate change. Integrated watershed management connects land and water when considering the effects of soil erosion, urbanization, riparianzone restoration and dam construction or removal, on carbon burial in — and outgassing from — inland waters. The ‘boundless carbon cycle’ would also promote the scientific exploration of fluxes of organic carbon across the 599 nature geoscience | VOL 2 | SEPTEMBER 2009 | www. nature. com/naturegeoscience  © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved commentary terrestrial–aquatic interface, its fate in inland waters and feedbacks with climate change. Collaborative investigations augmented by new observatories and experimental platforms for long-term research are necessary to achieve this. Specifically, we need to improve remote sensing of the global inland water surface area, water residence time and concentrations of organic carbon in these ecosystems. Furthermore, tropical and boreal ecosystems, potential sinks or sources of CO2, and polar ecosystems prone to loss of organic carbon from melting permafrost should receive more attention. This would address the current bias of our global estimates of aquatic carbon fluxes towards temperate ecosystems. If we decide to take up the challenge of managing the Earth’s surface carbon cycle as a way of mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions, we cannot ignore the contribution of inland water any longer. Much work lies ahead for scientists to quantify carbon fluxes in streams, rivers and lakes, and for policymakers to incorporate these aquatic ecosystems into strategies for land-use regulations. ? Tom J. Battin1,2*, Sebastiaan Luyssaert3, Louis A. Kaplan4, Anthony K. Aufdenkampe4, Andreas Richter5 and Lars J.

Sonnet and No Second Troy Essays

Sonnet and No Second Troy Essays Sonnet and No Second Troy Paper Sonnet and No Second Troy Paper Essay Topic: Poetry In this essay Im going to be comparing two love poems. The two poems I will be comparing are Sonnet be Edna St Vincent Millay and No Second Troy composed by Irelands most famous writer, William Butler Yeats. I hope to look in detail at both poems and to be able to compare and contrast both pieces. Sonnet was written in 1917 be Edna St Vincent Millay. Edna St Vincent Millay was a middle class citizen born in Maine, America. She was very well educated and began writing poetry from the age of 15. Sonnet is a love poem structured around betrayal and depression, we can see this in the first line Time does not bring relief; you all have lied Here Edna St Vincent Millay is referring to the people that told her at the time of separation that things would get better in time and directly accuses a friend or family of lying to her. The first and second lines make use of enjambment which makes the poem flow, it gives the poem a slow rhythm to suit her emotions. Enjambment is used frequently throughout the poem. Who told me time would ease me of my pain! Millay uses an accusation tone here to show her emotions, which I believe suggests that she is unstable, as she wants to blame anybody apart from herself. Millay uses personification to display her emotions as the weeping of the rain which refers to her tears and also rhymes with pain in the previous line. She also uses personification in I miss him at the shrinking of the tide To say that she misses him when the tide is out which represents peace and quiet in this situation, tide rhymes with lied in the opening line of the poem. Edna St Vincent Millay compares there relationship with old snow. For example, The old snows melt from every mountain-side In my opinion melting snow is a perfect description as it represents their relationship in two ways: one is that snow melts representing their relationship disappearing, and secondly that snow is cold also representing their cold and non affectionate relationship. Millay describes their present relationship situation very cleverly by describing it as smoke. As the poet says, And last years leaves are smoke in every lane She uses a perfect description here again as smoke is almost non existent and like the melting snow in the previous lines it shows that the relationship no longer exists, but unlike the cold snow smoke resembles fire and heat which could mean that they had a fiery relationship. In the past four lines the poet has mentioned all four seasons, I think she has done this so that she can show the reader that she misses him all year round and that she still loves him. I believe that Edna St Vincent Millay is obsessed with him, a good example of this is, But last years bitter loving must remain Heaped on my heart, and my old thoughts abide Thins is a great example of compulsive behaviour as she admits that the love was bitter but its still better than nothing, Edna St Vincent Millay uses an oxymoron to emphasise on the bitter loving in my opinion this is used at exactly the right time as its showing the reader that she must accept a negative to experience a little glimpse of a positive one. There is also repetition with the words last year used in the previous line also. Enjambment is used once again here to give the poem a flow and a slow tempo to suit her emotions. I think that Edna St Vincent Millay has linked the octet to the sestet very cleverly, she uses the last five words of the octet to liken it to the sestet and to completely change her emotions. The octet is dominated by her wanting the love to be mutual but the last five words are about wanting to forget him which leads into the sestet which is dominated by her feelings and her efforts to forget him. You can observe this easily in the opening line, There are hundred places where I fear To go, so with his memory they brim! Edna Millay cant forget him, she wants to forget him but she cant, this proves my point from before the quotation. She also uses hyperbole to emphasis the fact that she cant go any were his memory does not exist. And entering with relief some quiet place Where never fell his foot or shone his face Here we can see that Edna Millay still thinks of him as divine, although not literally this is obvious when she says or shone his face. This shows that she still loves him. I find it intriguing that she uses the verb shone as this is sometime used when talking about a star or an angel, this could mean that she thinks, metaphorically that hes an angel. She continues to say that when she goes to a place where his foot has never fallen or where his face has never shone so she remembers him. I say, There is no memory of him here! And so stand stricken, so remembering him! The poem has a slow rhythm and uses imagery throughout and techniques such as enjambment, personification, sibilance, oxymoron and hyperbole. The second poem I will be comparing is No Second Troy. No Second Troy was written in 1910 by Irelands most famous writer, William Butler Yeats was born in 1865 and was brought up and educated in Dublin. William Butler Yeats had an interest in Irish literature from a very young age and was quoted as being the pillar in Irish literature. During Yeats early life he fell deeply in love with a lady called Maude Gonne, in 1901 Yeats proposed unsuccessfully for the third time, she saying that she would never marry. In 1903 much to Yeats dislike she married an Irish nationalist Major John McBride. William Butler Yeats, Maud Gonne and Major John McBride all shared one dream, Irish Independence. Gonnes obsession with the concept of Irish independence was much greater than Yeats. No Second Troy is a love poem built around the structure of love, violence and depression. The title suggests that Yeats compares Maude Gonne with Helen of Troy. The Poem begins with a rhetorical question Why should I blame her that she filled my days with misery I think he uses the rhetorical question here to tell the readers that Gonne wouldnt care if she had filled his days with misery and that all she cares about is Irish independence. Referring to one of my earlier points William Butler Yeats believes in what Gonne is fighting for but not the way shes doing it. As he writes, Or that she would of late Have taught most ignorant men most violent ways William Butler Yeats tells the reader that she is to blame for the IRA, when he says Taught to ignorant men most violent ways this could mean that she uses her beauty to entice people in to fighting for her, just like Helen of Troy. William Butler Yeats gives us his opinion on the IRA quite cleverly when he mentions violence, although he doesnt mention the IRA you still get his opinion, this is done very cleverly by Yeats. William Butler Yeats proves him self correct in saying that the way they are trying to get Irish independence is wrong when he says Or hurled the little streets upon the great This is a factual quote from No Second Troy, Yeats tells the audience that the British look down on the Irish. Yeats uses little to describe the Irish, I think he uses little to try and say that they are lower class compared to the British this can be seen easily when he calls the British great . But Yeats later goes on to say Had they but courage equal to desire. To me this is a very important quotation from the poem as he is saying if the Irishs courage was equal to their ambition they could be like the British, but it is as if he is giving advice because unlike before he is not running the plan down. Yeats wants Irish Independence and is trying to encourage the Irish by telling them that they can become great but they must fight. William Butler Yeats believes that violence isnt the way to gain independence. He wants Maud Gonne to fight for it in a civilized way, legally, this can be observed in the following lines. What could have made her peaceful with a mind That nobleness made simple as a fire. Butler Yeats says here that Gonne could have been happy if she would have done it without violence and did things politically and not violently and that her passion for Irish independence could have been achieved by doing it his way. Yeats goes back to talking about Maud Gonne in a very positive way- With beauty like a tightened bow, a kind That is not natural in an age like this Here you can see that Yeats is obsessed with Maud Gonne when he says that Gonnes beauty was not natural. We can see Yeats opinion of her was very impressive, in my opinion Yeats is telling the reader that her beauty is too good for earth, but after reading the next line you can see that unnatural beauty can come with consequences and be dangerous. Being high and solitary and most stern? Yeats tells the reader that Maud Gonne beauty has led her to arrogance and to an unhappy and emotionally lonely life. A reason for this could be that her obsession with independence has dominated her life and has mentally changed her. In my opinion William Butler Yeats changes from being desirable at the start of the poem to being a person looking back in hindsight, this can be seen in this following quote Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? From this quote you can see why I thought that he was looking back in hindsight, he looks back in hindsight and asks him self what could he or she have done to prevent the solitary and the sternest behaviour. When he says Was there another Troy for her to burn? I think he says this for two possible reasons, one being that she could ruin Ireland and that Troy would represent Ireland and Burn could resemble the fighting in Ireland. The other possibility is that she is like Helen of Troy and that she could become all cause of conflict. The poem begins with a rhetorical question and ends with a rhetorical question, this is just one of the numerous techniques used by Yeats an other technique that Yeats uses is enjambment, W B Yeats uses enjambment all throughout the poem to give it a medium pace rhythm. After reading and analyzing both Sonnet and No Second Troy I can finally compare and contrast. One of the many comparisons is that both poems have been subject of inspiration. Sonnet is inspired by Millay former partner as is Yeats poem. They are both based on the theme of love and both are heavily negative and slightly obsesive. For example this quotation from Sonnet proves just how eccentric her love for him is, last years bitter loving must remain. Both poets use enjambment frequently throughout the entire poems. Here is an example from No second Troy, WHY should I blame her that she filled my days With misery, or that she would of late Have taught to ignorant men most violant ways In my opinion enjambment has been very instrumental to both poets as it allows the poem to flow nicely and to control the rhythym and pace of the poem. For example, enjambment has been used here But last years bitter loving must remain Heaped on my heart, and my old thoughts abide! Here it is used to give the poem a medium paced rhythym and is very effective. Both poems use a small amount of hyperbole, a great example of hyperbole is in Sonnet where Millay says There are a hundread places where I fear to go. An example of hyperbole from No Second Troy is That nobleness made simple as fire. Although there are many comparisons between both poems there are also many differences. For example No Second Troy uses rhetorical questions where Millay Sonnet doesnt. I think rhetorical questions play a large part in Yeats poem as it brings more emotion to the poem. A good example of this is WHY should I blame her that she filled my days with misery?. An other difference is that Millay uses an oxymoron in Sonnet. In my opinion a good example of an oxymoron from Sonnet is But last years bitter loving must remain. I think the oxymoron shows strong emphasis on the ex-relationship status and gives us an insight on what the relationship used to be like. A big difference in both poems is the flow of the poems. This is mostly effected by the enjembments used and the rhyming scheme. Sonnet doesnt follow any rhyming scheme where as No Second Troy does. This has a large impact on the flow of both poems which are completely different. Sonnet flows much faster than No Second Troy making it much better to read.

Sample - User Manual for Snapchat

Sample - User Manual for Snapchat This report outlines the initial proposal for the Snapchat user manual. This report should cover some of the broad and basic information that first-time users of the Snapchat application need to know. This report shall also cover the unique stylistic components that the author shall use in his final report- which would be the actual Snapchat user manual. The purpose of this report then is to guide the author in planning and writing what to write, how to write the contents, and where to place them in the actual manual. Needs Assessment The focus of the project would be on the application Snapchat. Snapchat is a social media application that allows users to share videos called snaps. This is, in fact, a new trend in the digital arena because as of the moment it is the process of sharing photos that is most prevalent. What Snapchat is all about, however, is the process of sharing videos. It is important to note, however, that users may also take and share photos, drawings, and texts and then send them to a controlled list of people (i.e. the recipients). Essentially, Snapchat is a messaging tool that has a high level of multimedia sharing capability. Considering all of these features, it can be said that Snapchat is virtually intended to be used (and can actually be used) by everyone; from businessmen to casual and professional photographers and graphic and video artists. Students may also take advantage of the enhanced sharing capability of Snapchat. What is unique with Snapchat, however, is the fact that it enable s the users to specify how long the snaps (i.e. the sent videos and photographs) can be viewed by their recipients and actually stay in the company’s servers- after which the developers of the app claim that it would already be deleted. Additional Research One of the latest features that Snapchat users can enjoy is the Snapchat Lenses. With lenses, users can take snaps using real-time special effects, sounds, and filters. This way, they would not have to edit their snaps. Whenever there are updates, new filters (e.g. rewind, slow-motion, force touch) and effects may get released so it would be best to frequently update the version of Snapchat installed on the smartphone or a tablet computer. Audience Analysis The intended audience for the Snapchat user manual would be all of the potential users of the application. Some of the specific examples include: Business men Professional and casual photographers Professional and casual graphic artists Students and teachers Government agencies, departments, and organizations For-profit and non-profit organizations Researchers The application user manual that will be published shall cater to all the users’ needs. No separate version of the user manual will be released for a particular group or audience. The target audience for the user manual would be those who have basic to intermediate smartphone and internet navigation skills; those who actually own a smart phone or a tablet computer equipped with a decent camera capable of taking pictures and recording videos- because these are the main hardware requirements for an individual to utilize Snapchat. Suggested Table of Contents About the Manual Acknowledgement Table of Contents Glossary Introduction Wiki Section Wiki Contents Basics Intermediates Advanced Using Snapchat How to take a picture How to take a video How to create a text message How to organize a list of recipients How to send texts, pictures, videos How to store your contents Snapchat Terms, Policies, and Conditions How to Install and Uninstall the Application Setting up and Account Troubleshooting Frequently Asked Questions Participating in the Snapchat users’ community and forum Frequently Asked Questions The most basic information about Snapchat shall be placed within a consolidated FAQ section. The purpose of the FAQ section would be to enable the users to get started in using the Snapchat application. This may contain instructions on how to install the application, where the download links may be obtained, and how to set up the application on their device after installation. This can be presented within any section of the user manual. In any case, the most important component would be the content. This section has to be simple and easy to understand. Design Layout The purpose of the Snapchat user manual is to get the users started on how to use the application. The focus of the writing process should then be on the content because it is the most important component that would determine the success of the project. The design process should, however, be not taken for granted. The design and layout should embody the following characteristics: elegance, professionalism, and neatness. The design should be creative but not to the point that it would look untidy and too artistic. After all, this was not intended to be an art project. The design and layout should make it easier for the readers to read and understand all sections of the content; this is where the neatness component should be factored in. The layout should follow the outline of the contents provided earlier where each section should have its own design in order for the readers to understand how each section is independent of each other.

Video critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video critique - Assignment Example stand why these drug cartels spend large sums of money in hiring huge numbers of men and buying weapons that would help to safeguard the drugs, the reporter highlights the economic value the drugs have to the cartels. It is estimated that the drug lords amass billions of dollars every year from drug trafficking. The reporter mentions the role that the police department plays in trying to deal with gangs in the country. Police use either excessive force or are reluctant to fight the drug scourge, and this is well-detailed in the documentary. Some interviewers reveal that police are reluctant to assist in cases involving the citizens and the different gangs, and this has led to a lot of suffering to families whose relatives are innocently murdered by the gangs. One of the strengths possessed by the video is that the reporter has tried obtaining information from the key players in the drug syndicate, which is the police, citizens and some drug dealers. Going to the mountainous parts of the country where the drugs are planted with army troops is also a strength of the video as from it; an individual can tell how dangerous it is for people to access the place. Any information given by the common person is the most reliable as they represent the whole society and the reporter’s decision to interview the local people is a strength of the video. From the interviews, it is clear that the financial gain is the main reason people get into the drug syndicate. A major limitation of the video is the reporter’s choice to concentrate only on one town where the drug lord is highly respected and loved. The drug lord either buys or threatens the people of the city and this makes them become very loyal to him and his group members. It would have been better for the reporter to go to the other towns and cities that are not run financially with money got from the drug business as people may not be speaking so highly of the drug lord. It is easy for an individual to discern that

How does the relative distance traveled by food products impact the Research Paper

How does the relative distance traveled by food products impact the price of those food products - Research Paper Example The research includes related literature. David Kault stated: â€Å"When it is not feasible to measure all the individuals in which we are interested, we measure a selection of them. Usually the selection is a small or infinitesimal fraction of the number of individuals in which we are interested. In the case of women's heights, we would measure a small selection of women. The statistical term used here is that we take a ‘sample’ from the population†. Patrick Westhoff emphasized the cost of transportation is one important factor affecting food prices of competing products. For example, soybeans that are harvested in Illinois are priced lower than imported European soybeans because it is cheaper to ship the soybeans through the Mississippi river compared to shipping the soybeans through the wide expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. From 2004 to 2006, soybeans were sold at an average of $202 per metric ton in the markets central Illinois. On the other hand, the soybeans t hat were imported from Netherlands were sold at the higher $261 per metric ton in Illinois. The difference in the food price per metric ton is due to the increase in the transportation fuel prices. In addition, Moshe Milevsky reiterated fuel costs directly affect the prices of food products. In high income nations, including the United States, the consumer’s average food money is allocated for the reimbursement of the store’s expenses.... The three competing food stores are Wal-Mart food store, Netgrocer food store, and Netfoodex.Com food store. Research assignment The research includes related literature. David Kault (Kault, 2003) stated: â€Å"When it is not feasible to measure all the individuals in which we are interested, we measure a selection of them. Usually the selection is a small or infinitesimal fraction of the number of individuals in which we are interested. In the case of women's heights, we would measure a small selection of women. The statistical term used here is that we take a ‘sample’ from the population†. Patrick Westhoff (Westhoff, 2010) emphasized the cost of transportation is one important factor affecting food prices of competing products. For example, soybeans that are harvested in Illinois are priced lower than imported European soybeans because it is cheaper to ship the soybeans through the Mississippi river compared to shipping the soybeans through the wide expanse of t he Atlantic Ocean. From 2004 to 2006, soybeans were sold at an average of $202 per metric ton in the markets central Illinois. On the other hand, the soybeans that were imported from Netherlands were sold at the higher $261 per metric ton in Illinois. The difference in the food price per metric ton is due to the increase in the transportation fuel prices. In addition, Moshe Milevsky (2010) reiterated fuel costs directly affect the prices of food products. In high income nations, including the United States, the consumer’s average food money is allocated for the reimbursement of the store’s expenses. The expenses include the cost of transporting the goods from the farm to the entity’s store

Influence of Pop Art Essay Example for Free

Influence of Pop Art Essay The Influence of Pop Art Illustration Essay To be someone who goes ‘against the crowd’, you must have a lot of courage. Well, back in the late 1950’s, pop artists such as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and many others did exactly that. During this time period, pop art was a challenge to the traditions of fine art by using images of pop culture. You may be asking yourself, what is pop art? Pop art consists of objects that are removed from their original context and combined with unrelated material. In her article from Design Magazine, Adriana Marinica has a great explanation of how pop art appeals to us Americans and how pop art has it’s own style, â€Å"This art derives its style from the visual activities and pleasures of people: television, magazines and comics. † (Marinica) Pop art influenced American culture greatly while influencing the art culture as well. It created a different perspective for art, rather than fine art. Most people have seen Andy Warhol’s work, the most famous being the campbells soup cans, he is the most known pop artist. Not only did pop art influence American culture but it also influenced British culture, but in a different way. In 1952 was the beginning of the pop art movement known as â€Å"The Independent Group† who represented young artists of that time. Even today, pop art is still seen around the media and even street art. Back in it’s time, pop art was much different than anything anyone has seen. It has been the most â€Å"popular† art movements of the modern era. This movement was supposed to be a rebellion towards the ‘Abstraction Expressionists’, or artists who were perceived to be pretentious and over-intense. Fine art was popular from the 17th century on, it had much detail and focused on being realistic including paintings and drawings, while compared to pop art which has bright colors and it is more cartoony and not very realistic. Pop artists took images from popular media which made it easy to relate to the works. With the images from popular media, they would combined it with a background or other objects that had nothing to do with the media images. On the other end of the spectrum, most fine artists used a contemporary style while pop artists were more focused on the  attitudes rather than the art itself, such as irony and parody styles. Most pop artists prefer to use colors such as red, yellow, and blue since they are so vivid and are sure to grab your attention. Marilyn Diptych (1962). Campbells Soup (1968). Just a few of Andy Warhol’s most known pieces of pop art. You’ve seen the multi-colored soup can picture in your high school art class, and maybe you’ve seen the oddly colored portrait of Marilyn Monroe. Warhol had many other different styles and pieces, but he was very popular with his pop art works. Warhol seemed to have a great interest in creating images of well known actors and actresses. Not only is the iconic Andy Warhol famous for his pop art, we need to recognize that there are many other artists who have adopted the pop art culture. Some of those artists include Crash, Jim Dine, Keith Haring, Roy Lichtenstein, and Tom Wesselmann. Pop art became very popular in the late 1950’s in North American culture. The term ‘pop art’ was officially introduced in December of 1962. Origins of pop art in North America emerged as a way of expression for artists at a time where the world was lacking any interest or excitement. This movement was to emphasise that pop art could take images from mass-media from popular culture and can still be considered fine art. At this time advertising had used many elements of modern art, which had artists searching for more clever ways to advertise to keep up with the changing world. American artists found their inspirations by living within our culture. In the United States, pop art was made as a representational art as an ironic response by artists to subdue the personal symbolism. Mass produced imagery was very popular in America, these works of art had more bold and aggressive overtones. Back in the 1950’s and 60’s pop art was associated with pop music which includes swinging and covers of the Beatles’ and Elvis Presley’s cover albums designed by the pop artist Peter Blake. In contrast, Great Britain viewed American pop art from a different perspective. Great Britain adopted romantic, sentimental, and even humorous overtones. Early pop art in Britain was inspired by American pop culture, but they did not experience this culture as Americans had. During the time of post-war, pop art culture improved the prosperity of their society. English pop was considered to be more of a metaphor or to have a theme. Introduced in the United Kingdom, the Independent Group was formed in London, 1952. This was a group of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers, and critics who were challenging modernist approaches to the culture and traditions of the fine arts. The group was mainly about popular culture implications from mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction, and technologies. Even with origins early as the 1950’s, pop art culture is still very alive to this day. Pop art has a very strong influence on today’s top fashion designers. As Marylou Luther of the Cleveland, Northeast Ohio News states, â€Å"To me, the most important art force that has popped back into fashion and the one most likely to have a trickle-down effect to the streets is Pop art. The art movement has been so iconic and profound that it is still featured, studied, and produced to this day. Some inspirations are helpful towards interior architecture, fashion, fabric, and something even as simple as packaging. A popular way pop art is used is the well known comic style that is based on American animations. While searching for how pop art is used today, I found a quote on a website that I felt should be included in this essay, â€Å"This type of fine art is so popular nowadays that we recognize its potential to continue growing and attracting more followers all around the world. As you can see, pop art has had a very big impact on our culture that we still see to this day. Not only has it inspired our culture and our artists, but even other countries’ culture and artists as well. I can say that I’ve been inspired by pop artist Andy Warhol with his amazing works of art. As we see daily; Hollywood, magazines, television, and newspapers are all producing different images which is enlarging popular culture majorly. Without the pop art movement, our culture would not be the same. Marinica’s point of view may better help how pop art has influenced our culture and how it is still very much alive today; she states, â€Å"Pop Art continues to be hailed as a success to this day, whether we’re talking about original pieces selling for big money, or prints selling in huge numbers. It became clear that pop art was much more than just a statement and it’s hard to ignore it. You can see it wherever you go. It’s in public places and even advertising, as it was used initially in the 1950s.

World War I Essay -- Trench Warfare

World War I was a stalemate right from the outbreak of the war as a result of trench warfare. With the introduction of this system, a piece of land stretching from the Belgian coast, through France, and ending in Switzerland, became the venue for majority of the conflict. For almost three years, this line shifted by no more than a few hundred yards. All of this changed when the United States joined the war and prompted Germany to make an all-out drive on the Allies so as to end the war before the American Army reached full strength on the battlefield. The American Expeditionary Force allowed the Allies to take the offensive, thereby ending the static state of war that had settled on the Western Front as a result of trench warfare. The system of trench warfare had men facing each other across opposing lines dug into the ground. The purpose of digging trenches was purely a matter of survival. In a war where technology was the worst enemy, trenches were a must. Following the Battle of Somme in 1916 where casualties exceeded one million, the High Command on both sides of the war learned of the desperate need for trenches. The first trenches, as Albert Marrin describes in The Yanks are Coming, were â€Å"not mere slits in the ground.† Each trench system was composed of line upon line of trenches. Most trench systems were composed of three trenches. In case of an attack, there was usually another trench to provide defense if the forward trench was taken by the enemy. Smaller communication trenches linked each of the major trench lines (Marrin 80). The most memorable feature of any trench line was actually the land in between. This land was known as no-man’s land. No man's land varied extremely in length. There were extremes at both ends... ... of losing at which point the Americans entered the fray. The final act that broke this deadlock was the defeat of the Germans at Belleau Wood by the Americans. In doing this, they brought a sense of newfound desire and energy on the Allied part. For the Germans, the Americans represented a force to be reckoned with. The American Army brought the â€Å"fight† back to the soldiers in the trenches. Captain Lloyd Williams of the Marines was a prime example of this spirit. When asked by the French if he wanted to retreat, he replied: â€Å"Retreat? Hell we just got here.† (qtd. Antill, Dougdale-Pointon, and Rickard). As a German soldier noted, â€Å"The American . . . had nerve; we must give him credit for that; but he also displayed a savage ruthlessness. 'The Americans kill everybody' was a cry of terror. . . which for a long time stuck in the bones of our men. " (qtd. Bonk 91)

Poor nutrition and its effects on learning Essay

Picture yourself very hungry but struck in work, you will be distressed and very hard to concentrate on the job in front of you. If it is the case with us adults, just imagine how it would feel like if you were a five year old girl, sad and hungry just because your parents are not rich enough to feed you daily. This is the situation in most of the under developed and developing countries. This is a reality, and a nightmare in the youth of many children and thereby impacts the learning ability of these poor and destitute future citizens. There is a correlation between nutrition and behavior of brain functioning, that has always been under-researched. Schools have the resources and ability to maintain a pivotal role in making and maintaining our children’s’ learning capabilities and helping them benefit socially by creating resources of healthy food as breakfasts and lunches in the school’s working days. The idea of good nutrition is not limited to birth, Minimum nutritional requirement becomes a necessity right from the moment she is in the mother’s womb. It is regrettable and very sad to say that not every mother who will be conceiving is capable of giving her baby a better start. A teenager who doesn’t apprehend the importance of minimum nutrition, a grownup who has to miss her lunch to spare a few dollars, a pregnant woman who doesn’t feel like eating and doesn’t consume enough vitamins, fats, minerals and nutrients are prone to higher uncertainty of conceiving low weight babies. It is the government’s responsibility to give subsidies on daily cereals, vegetables and conduct camps where people under -the poverty line can have their nutritional requirements met. By providing the nation’s under-paid families and their youth with nutritious food and by making use of the vast farming lands owned by the government to cultivate the essential commodities so that they in turn help prevent malnutrition children by providing nutritious meals, at least once a day. Finally, it can be said that the most prominent of problems that poor face is Malnutrition, and it has been eating up the younger generation and thereby weakening the country. If the government is careful to see that the minimum nutrients are provided as a part of education, the problem can be reduced to a significantly lower stage.

Genetically Modified Food is bad Essay

The debate on whether genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption is marked with controversy in the political, social, academic, and economic fronts of our community. Proponents of genetically modified foods claim that it is the only viable solution to the food insecurity problem that is eminent in the global community (Roth, 2000). Some scientific research findings have claimed that genetically modified foods have substantial levels of safety for human consumption. Nevertheless, the long term health safety of genetically modified foods has never been confirmed (Atherton, 2002). Despite the numerous claims made by proponents of genetically modified foods, there has been not concrete evidence to qualify such claim, a factor that makes consumption of such foods a risk to the human health. Genetically modified foods have been evidently closely associated with some long term health complications (Atherton, 2002). According to available statistical evidence, the global community is witnessing an increase in the occurrences of terminal diseases such as obesity. This trend has been closely attributed to the ever increasing usage of genetically modified foods in the community (Roth, 2000). Records have shown that thousands of thousands of Americans have fallen victims of obesity. Indeed, this health problem has become an issue of national concern in the American society. According to scientist, the problem has been escalated by the common trends of Americans in using fast foods. This is because, such foods lack fiber components, which are crucial to the human body. Another reason given is that such foods contain high levels of energy, which are usually not necessary to the body. Therefore, genetically modified foods are no doubt a leading cause of the increasing numbers of obese people in the community. Although numerous scientific research finding claim substantial health safety for the consumption of genetically modified foods, no search has been conducted to qualify the potential long term health risk brought by such foods (Karlsson, 2003). It has been established that gene modification can result into totally different type of gene whose impact in the human body can not be predicted. Based on this reasoning it is certain that genetically modified foods cannot be claimed safe unless sufficient research has been conducted. Still on the question of safety is the fact that modified genes are commonly made using denatured toxins, which serve to make the foods more robust to infections (Roth, 2000). According to scientific claims, these toxins are in essence poisonous to the human body cells upon long term accumulation (Roth, 2000). In fact this is what has been identified as potential allergens in genetically modified foods which make some people susceptible to their consumption. In conclusion therefore, genetically modified foods are a potential risk to the sustainable health of the human community. We are no doubt experiencing the impact such have from the ever increasing illnesses such as cases of obesity in the community. Since the question of the long term safety of these foods to the human body are significantly eminent, biotechnology products should be regarded as an issue of concern for the long term social and economic development of the community. Just as is rightly claimed, with the available natural resources and modern technological advancements, the world is capable of supplying its population with sufficient food (Roth, 2000). Therefore, any claim of genetically modified foods being the only solution to the world food security is misleading. It only serves as an indication of ignorance and lack of concern for the sustainable future of the human community. References Atherton, K. (2002). Genetically Modified Crops: Assessing Safety. London: Taylor & Francis. Karlsson, M. (2003). Biosafety Principles for GMOs in the Context of Sustain. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 10, 12-43. Roth, G. (2000). Between the Rows: Sideline View of the GMO Debate. Retrieved January 17, 2010, from http://biotech. cas. psu. edu/articles/between_the_rows. htm

Free Essays on School Uniforms

Public school systems across the country are now requiring students to wear uniforms. Can uniforms really make a difference in a child’s academic performance? Wouldn't uniforms infringe the child’s creativity and self expression? The clothes don't make the child right (Hempill A15)? Wrong. School uniforms can drastically reduce school violence and help a student to focus on school work. In 1996, President Clinton endorsed public school uniforms in his State of the Union Address(Atkins 42). This created a rage among some education critics across the country. Critics complain that uniforms will lessen children’s individualism and creativity, infringing students’ rights and hint of racism. While proponents believe, uniforms will put the students emphasis on schoolwork instead of dressing coolly, and they will help to lower school violence. The idea comes from a Californian elementary school in Long Beach. In 1994, Long Beach became the country's first public school district to institute a mandatory uniform policy"(Atkins 42). The results were so promising that they lead to the President’s endorsement. The school saw a fifty-one percent drop in physical fights, a thirty-four percent drop in assaults and batteries, a fifty percent drop in weapons offenses, and a thirty-two percent drop in school suspensions(Mancini 65). All this in a time span of only one year. Proving that a child’s clothes does make a difference in school violence. In a time when school children are getting killed for designer jackets and shoes, uniforms are exactly what our children need(Mancini 63). Critics say that school uniform inhibit self expression. If you take away a child's self expression through clothing, you force that child to express his or herself in other ways. This might even force a child to resort to even more violent forms of expression, like through writing and art. In today’s society, students are fightin... Free Essays on School Uniforms Free Essays on School Uniforms School Uniforms Years ago I would argue that wearing school uniforms infringes on freedom of self- expression and individuality however now that I’m older I support the wearing of school uniforms in public school at the elementary, middle and also high-school levels. School uniforms may not solve the problem of violence or disruptive behavior in the public schools, but it is a step in the right direction. The implementation of uniforms can promote good order and discipline, communicate respect, reduce the competition/envy of brand-name clothing, and provide a serious learning environment. Peer pressure in school can be overwhelming. At times peer pressure can entice students to do things they may not normally do. Keeping with "In-Style" clothing and accessories at school can be emotionally taxing to students and expensive to the parents. These types of problems sometimes overshadow the importance of academics in public schools. No one ever wants to be ridiculed for what type of clothing he or she may wear to school. Some children who go to public schools may come from low-income families, which make them stand out amongst their peers. School uniforms can help minimize some of these problems. They help decrease the destructive competition among students to wear the stylish outfits. The uniforms can help low-income children feel more apart of the school environment. Uniforms can also be financially beneficial to families, Instead of buying our children brand-name shoes and designer clothing, parents could be buying a few sets of uniforms and buy trendy clothing for aft er school wear. Most local retailers offer school uniforms at affordable prices. In some areas such as Baltimore Maryland parents can submit a request to the school for their children to receive financial aid with clothing in order to adhere to the school uniform policy. School uniforms inspire students to become apart of a team, rather than being a single player. Some ... Free Essays on School Uniforms Implementing School Uniforms â€Å"A child was brutally beaten today when he fought back against another student who tried to steal his brand new sneakers.† This is a headline that is becoming all too familiar to us. In the past few years, city schools have had a number of serious problems concerning students being ridiculed or being attacked simply because of their attire. School used to be a safe place for children to learn during the day. Students should not be afraid to attend school, but often that is the case. They have to live with the fear of being hurt or ridiculed by the other students that deem them to be different. Many times in our society the class structure is often exposed through material items. Children are often shielded from this, but it becomes evident in the clothes they wear to school. Whether it is a rich kid who finds himself in danger for having more, or a poor kid who is ridiculed for not having enough, this is a problem that needs to be solved. School officials in many c ity schools have begun to regulate this problem by making it mandatory that the students wear uniforms. This is a valid solution to a problem that many times prevents children from receiving a proper education. Uniforms should be implemented to prevent these circumstances, which have an enormous affect on the educating process in our public schools throughout the nation. When you hear about the violence that plagues today’s schools, uniforms are usually the first applicable solution to the problem. Uniforms continue to be an upcoming issue in the minds of school officials, parents, and even the President. In the article titled, â€Å"Uniforms, Expulsions Not Just for Private Schools† it states that; President Bill Clinton promoted uniforms in public schools in his State of the Union Address in January or 1996, when he praised them as â€Å"a way to promote safety and discipline in schools†. Clinton also stated: I challenge al... Free Essays on School Uniforms School Uniforms Years ago I would argue that wearing school uniforms infringes on freedom of self- expression and individuality however now that I’m older I support the wearing of school uniforms in public school at the elementary, middle and also high-school levels. School uniforms may not solve the problem of violence or disruptive behavior in the public schools, but it is a step in the right direction. The implementation of uniforms can promote good order and discipline, communicate respect, reduce the competition/envy of brand-name clothing, and provide a serious learning environment. Peer pressure in school can be overwhelming. At times peer pressure can entice students to do things they may not normally do. Keeping with "In-Style" clothing and accessories at school can be emotionally taxing to students and expensive to the parents. These types of problems sometimes overshadow the importance of academics in public schools. No one ever wants to be ridiculed for what type of clothing he or she may wear to school. Some children who go to public schools may come from low-income families, which make them stand out amongst their peers. School uniforms can help minimize some of these problems. They help decrease the destructive competition among students to wear the stylish outfits. The uniforms can help low-income children feel more apart of the school environment. Uniforms can also be financially beneficial to families, Instead of buying our children brand-name shoes and designer clothing, parents could be buying a few sets of uniforms and buy trendy clothing for aft er school wear. Most local retailers offer school uniforms at affordable prices. In some areas such as Baltimore Maryland parents can submit a request to the school for their children to receive financial aid with clothing in order to adhere to the school uniform policy. School uniforms inspire students to become apart of a team, rather than being a single player. Some ... Free Essays on School Uniforms Public school systems across the country are now requiring students to wear uniforms. Can uniforms really make a difference in a child’s academic performance? Wouldn't uniforms infringe the child’s creativity and self expression? The clothes don't make the child right (Hempill A15)? Wrong. School uniforms can drastically reduce school violence and help a student to focus on school work. In 1996, President Clinton endorsed public school uniforms in his State of the Union Address(Atkins 42). This created a rage among some education critics across the country. Critics complain that uniforms will lessen children’s individualism and creativity, infringing students’ rights and hint of racism. While proponents believe, uniforms will put the students emphasis on schoolwork instead of dressing coolly, and they will help to lower school violence. The idea comes from a Californian elementary school in Long Beach. In 1994, Long Beach became the country's first public school district to institute a mandatory uniform policy"(Atkins 42). The results were so promising that they lead to the President’s endorsement. The school saw a fifty-one percent drop in physical fights, a thirty-four percent drop in assaults and batteries, a fifty percent drop in weapons offenses, and a thirty-two percent drop in school suspensions(Mancini 65). All this in a time span of only one year. Proving that a child’s clothes does make a difference in school violence. In a time when school children are getting killed for designer jackets and shoes, uniforms are exactly what our children need(Mancini 63). Critics say that school uniform inhibit self expression. If you take away a child's self expression through clothing, you force that child to express his or herself in other ways. This might even force a child to resort to even more violent forms of expression, like through writing and art. In today’s society, students are fightin...

Matthews Is a Patronymic Surname Meaning Son of Matthew

Matthews Is a Patronymic Surname Meaning Son of Matthew Matthews is a patronymic surname meaning basically son of Matthew. The given name Matthew, from which it is derived, means gift of Yahweh or gift of God, from the Hebrew personal name  Matityahu.  In Hebrew, the name was also known as Mattathaigh which translates to the gift of Jehovah. Mathis is the German version of the surname while Matthews with a double t is more popular in Wales. Facts About the Surname The name Matthew  was one of Jesuss apostles as well as the  author of the first Gospel in the New Testament.Popular modern-day celebrities with the last name Matthews include Dave Matthews (musician), Cerys Matthews (Welsh singer) and Darren Matthews (professional wrestler).Thousands of settlers, some of which included the family surname Matthews, migrated to North America in order to escape political and religious issues from their homeland.The earliest public record of lands and resource of the late 11th century England is known as the Domesday Book (1086), which includes the first origin of the surname Matthews in the form of Mathiu and Matheus.The surname has origins in English and Greek and has over 10 alternate surname followings. Alternate Surname Spellings MathewMathewsMatthewMathisMatthisMatthiasMatheu (Old French)Mateo (Spanish)Matteo (Italian)Mateus (Portuguese) Genealogy Resources Common Surname Search TipsTips and tricks for researching your Matthews ancestors online.Matthews Family Genealogy ForumThe free message board is focused on descendants of Matthews ancestors around the world.FamilySearch - Matthews GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Matthews surname.Matthews Surname Mailing ListA free mailing list for researchers of the Matthews surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages.Surname Finder - Matthews Genealogy Family ResourcesFind links to free and commercial resources for the Matthews surname.Cousin Connect - Matthews Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Matthews, and sign up for free notification when new Matthews queries are added.DistantCousin.com - Matthews Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Matthews.MyCinnamonToast.com - Matthews Genealogy in All RegionsCentralized search results f or family trees and other genealogy info on the Matthews surname. References: Surname Meanings and Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

This is a discussion Question Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

This is a discussion Question - Research Paper Example First and foremost, examine the strengths and weaknesses of Evidence Based care Practices. The use of self-assessment such as that experimented by Gale (2009), can assist to identify business strengths and barriers in developing Evidence Based Practice efforts. Additionally, educating and training should be enacted since the two ways can add knowledge and reinforce practitioners’ viewpoint about the advantages of Evidence Based Practice as explained by Varnell, 2008. Clinicians may panic that they will seem to be deficient of proficiency, and familiarity will provide them self-assurance in shaping an evidence foundation for their practice. Furthermore, fashioning an atmosphere that encourages curious approach about medical care serves as a good strategy. The strategy can be attained through finding opportunities for finest practices and questioning existing practice. Moreover, it can be fulfilled by building a custom in which Evidence Based Practice is esteemed, assisted and anticipated. Regardless of the hindrances encountered in executing evidence-based practice in scientific practice, it is essential to form systems and procedures that decrease these limitations. In spite of the structures within which the clinician practices, there is a logical move toward discovering and documenting the preeminent potential evidence for practice. The procedure involves defining a problem, for example, a clinical problem. Followed by identification and appraisal of the significant probable evidence, and sketching conclusions regarding best

E-loyalty and Customer relationship management Essay

E-loyalty and Customer relationship management - Essay Example Some sole proprietors use online programs in targeting nationwide and global customers by using accurate information regarding the business and the use consumer programs such as credit card reward programs as a strategy in keeping their loyal customers satisfied. It is common that these reward systems are tailored according to the needs and expectations of the customers. Business-to-business (B2B) or e-biz is an effective tool in the exchange of products, services, and information between business and consumers. Over the years, B2B has proven to be very effective in closing business transactions between the business owner and the customers. According to a study that was published back in early 2000, the profitability of using B2B has exceeded the ‘e-tailing’ by 10 to 1% and is expected to have an annual growth of 41% over the next few years. (Jones, 2001) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a ‘software’ that helps a business organization in managing its customers better. (Walsh, 2007) CRM software enables the sales people and service representatives to have a quick access over the information related to the customers. This allows the sales force of the company to immediately provide the customers with a more customized service according to the customers’ needs regarding the products and services the business is offering. (Williams, 2006) According to Kumar and Reinartz (2006), CRM is defined as a strategic process of selecting the customers a firm can most profitably serve. It is also capable of shaping the interactions between a company and these customers with the goal of optimising the current and future value of the customers for the company. (Kumar and Reinartz 2006, 6) Based on the definition, CRM is a process of enterprise-wide that has the potential to affect decisions related to marketing communications, pricing, customisation of products and services, resource allocation across different customers

Foundation of Business report about the Hairdressing firm called Essay

Foundation of Business report about the Hairdressing firm called Friends - Essay Example the role of David, this paper will make recommendations on how to optimize its overall functioning particularly in marketing, human resources, finances and operations. Friends, with their two hair salons, needs to focus on major marketing programs to revamp their declining fortunes. â€Å"Marketing provides the bridge between an opportunity and a purchase.† (Stapleton and Thomas). It should start with repositioning its hair salon business for the new generation market. With their aging and greying customer base, the potential to sell their services is minimized. â€Å"Retaining existing clients is a key to running your hair salon successfully but attracting new customers should be the aim of Friends hair dressing salon.† (bodycareblog.com) New age customers, the youth and the mid-aged market with their growing grooming consciousness, are the most lucrative market to tap into. The company needs to device appropriate and relevant marketing programs to capitalize on this high potential market. The remarketing should start with services they offer; then along with hairstyling they can offer some complementing beauty salon services. They should transform into a holistic hair styling and beauty care service, offering all hair and beauty service under one roof, which provides the real value for their money and conveniences for the customers. There are various marketing strategies that can be used to pull a large number of customers to the salon. Friends should increase the Ad spend, as it’s very critical to communicate their new positioning to the youth market. Also with competition closing in, the advertisements should be intensified. Advertising through magazines, direct mailing and the most important of all is time-investment. The most effective advertising options are magazines, brochures, or billboards with colorful, creative and attention grabbing content (bodycareblog.com). The company can distribute brochures in residential colonies, posh apartment, colleges,